PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian								0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian								Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan							56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Midian		264.28
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai			Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8