PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian									0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian	3
		Zanclean									Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian		Pannonian							Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian		Pannonian						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian		Sarmatian								11.63
				Badenian								12.8 *
				Badenian							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian	13.82
											Clifdenian	15.1
										Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian	23.03
											Duntroonian	25.2
											Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
										Arnold	Runangan	34.6
											Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian	41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
											Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan	47.8
											Mangaorapan	48.9
											Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian	56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
											Mangaotanean	90.5
											Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan	93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
											Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan	100.5
											Urutawan	103.3
										Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian									Korangan	113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
			Planulata			179.3 *
			Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian						486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian						489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian			Idamean						494
		Paibian			Idamean					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan			Ayusokkanian			497
					Boomerangian			Ayusokkanian			499
					Boomerangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Undillan	500.5
		Drumian			Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
				Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
				Toyonian		510.8 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian		514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
												538.8