PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian				Middle Pleistocene			0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene			0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian					Late Miocene			7.246
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene			11.63
				Langhian					Middle Miocene			13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene			15.98
				Aquitanian					Early Miocene			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Late Oligocene			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Early Oligocene			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Late Eocene			33.9
				Bartonian		MP 16			Middle Eocene			37.71
				Lutetian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Middle Eocene			41.2
				Ypresian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Early Eocene			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Late Paleocene			56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene			59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene			61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
				Artinskian							Autunian	283.5
				Sakmarian								290.1
				Asselian								293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
				Kasimovian								303.7
				Moscovian								307
				Bashkirian								315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
			Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	509
			Stage 3		Branchian	514
			Stage 3		Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian				Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau		1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan		1375
												1400