PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian Subages	Silurian of England		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian											0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian						251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian		Tatarian	Vyatkian			256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian			Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian						Midian			Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian						Murgabian			Urzhumian			266.2 *
		Roadian								Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian								Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
								Kubergandian			Filipovian			276.5 *
								Bolorian			Filipovian			279.8
											Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian								Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
				Irginian	285.9 *
				Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
			Burtsevian	287.8 *	Yakhtashian
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian						383.7 *
				Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				Chotec	Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare	421.3
									Bringewood/Elton		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
								Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
								Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
											Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian									Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8