PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian						0.129
		Calabrian							0.774
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean			2.58
		Zanclean				Yushean			3.6
		Zanclean				Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian				Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian				Tunggurian		Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Langhian				Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian				Shanwangian			15.98
		Burdigalian				Xiejiaan			16.9
		Aquitanian				Xiejiaan			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Cenozoic 4	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Bartonian						Cenozoic 3	37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Ypresian						Cenozoic 2	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan			Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan			Jurassic 5	149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan				150
					Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran			Jurassic 2	188.9
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian			Warepan				208.5
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
		Carnian			Oretian			Triassic 3	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan			Triassic 3	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian			Etalian				238
		Anisian			Etalian				242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian			249
		Induan			Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		Makarewan		Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian	Dorashamian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				264.28
				Barettian				266
					Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		Permian 2	273.01
				Mangapirian	Kubergandian			276
					Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian		285
				Telfordian	Yakhtashian	286
					Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1	529
									538.8