PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian		Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian				2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian				3
		Zanclean			Waipipian				3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan				7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian				13.82
					Clifdenian				15.1
				Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian				15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian				23.03
					Duntroonian				25.2
					Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							33.9
				Arnold	Runangan				34.6
					Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian				41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
					Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan				47.8
					Mangaorapan				48.9
					Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian				56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian			Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan				93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan				100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian			Korangan				113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
						252.4 *
			Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			254.14
			Kalabagh			255 *
			Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
			Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb			266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
									430.5