PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian		Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene				MP 16			37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene				MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian								298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
			Huashibanian			318.5 *
			Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			509
					Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
					Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
												538.8