PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian					0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian				Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian	3
		Zanclean					Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian	13.82
							Clifdenian	15.1
						Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian	23.03
							Duntroonian	25.2
							Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						33.9
						Arnold	Runangan	34.6
							Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian	41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
							Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan	47.8
							Mangaorapan	48.9
							Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	56
		Selandian						59.2
		Danian						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian	Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian			346.7
								358.9