PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6		0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian	Ionian			Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian	Ionian			Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
								Hemingfordian			16.3
								Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan			29.5
								Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian	Cenozoic 3		33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan	Cenozoic 2		41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian			47.8
								Wasatchian			50.5
								Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1		56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian				Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian					Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian					Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3		113
				Barremian					Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian					Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian					Cretaceous 1		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6		145
				Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5		149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian					Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian					Jurassic 4		168.2
				Aalenian					Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3		174.7
				Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2		184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
											635