PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Precambrian of Russia	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian				0.129
				Calabrian					0.774
				Gelasian			MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16		2.58
				Piacenzian			MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean			MN 15		3.6
							MN 14		4.2
							MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			MN 13		5.333
				Tortonian			MN 12		7.246
							MN 11		7.75
							MN 10		8.7
							MN 9		9.7
							MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian			MN 7 + 8		11.63
				Serravallian			MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian			MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian			MN 4		15.98
							MN 3		16.9
							MN 2		20
				Aquitanian			MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian			MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					33.9
				Bartonian					37.71
				Lutetian					41.2
				Ypresian					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					56
				Selandian					59.2
				Danian					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian					72.1
				Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
				Aptian					113
				Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian					139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
				Kimmeridgian					149.2
				Oxfordian					154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
				Bathonian					165.3
				Bajocian					168.2
				Aalenian					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
				Pliensbachian					184.2
				Sinemurian					192.9
				Hettangian					199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
				Norian					208.5
				Carnian					227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian	445.2
			Sandbian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				Payntonian		486.8 *
				Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian	Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian	Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian	Idamean		Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian	Boomerangian			499
			Drumian	Undillan			500.5
			Drumian	Floran			503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
				Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
				Ordian			507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian		Waucoban †	509
							510.8 *
					Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian				Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau		1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan		1375
									1400