PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran					0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian									0.129
				Chibanian	Ionian				Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian					0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan		MN 17			1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian		MN 17			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian		MN 16			2.58
									Waipipian		MN 16			3
											MN 15			3.2
				Zanclean										3.6
									Opoitian					3.7
											MN 14			4.2
											MN 13			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
											MN 11			7.75
											MN 10			8.7
											MN 9			9.7
								Southland	Waiauan		MN 9			11.04
											MN 7 + 8			11.1
				Serravallian							MN 7 + 8			11.63
											MN 6			12.8 *
									Lillburnian		MN 6			13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian		MN 5			13.82
									Clifdenian					15.1
								Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian							MN 4			15.98
											MN 3			16.9
									Otaian		MN 3			18.7
											MN 2			20
				Aquitanian										20.44
								Landon	Waitakian					21.7
											MN 1			22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
									Duntroonian					25.2
									Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
								Arnold	Runangan					34.6
									Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan					37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian					41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
									Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan					47.8
									Mangaorapan					48.9
									Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian					56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian				Senonian	66
				Campanian					Haumurian					72.1
				Santonian					Piripauan					83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
									Mangaotanean					90.5
									Arowhanan					93.7
Cenomanian				93.9					Arowhanan
				Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian			Motuan	Gallic	100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai		Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		113	Korangan
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
			Induan				251.2
			Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian				Amb	266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian		438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
				Payntonian				486.8 *
				Payntonian				Sunwaptan		487.5
			Jiangshanian	Iverian				Sunwaptan		489.5
			Jiangshanian	Iverian				Steptoean		493 *
			Paibian	Idamean				Steptoean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan		Marjumian		Albertian †		497
				Mindyallan						Arcadian	498.4
				Boomerangian							499
			Drumian	Undillan							500.5
			Drumian	Floran							503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian		Topazan					504.5
				Templetonian		Delamaran					506.5
				Ordian							507.8 *
Series 2		Stage 4	Branchian	Ordian				Waucoban †		509
										510.8 *
						Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran				514
						Montezuman				514.8 *
			Placentian			Montezuman				517.1
						Begadean				519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2								521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian					720
		Tonian					Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau	1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
														1400