PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian	Ionian	Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian	Ionian	Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene					Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian				Pannonian						7.246
				Tortonian				Pannonian			Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene		Sarmatian			Clarendonian			11.63
								Sarmatian			Barstovian			12.5
								Badenian						12.8 *
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene								15.98
											Hemingfordian			16.3
											Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene								23.03
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene								27.82
											Whitneyan			29.5
											Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene					Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian		Late Eocene					Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene					Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene					Bridgerian			47.8
											Wasatchian			50.5
											Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian		Early Paleocene					Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian		Early Paleocene					Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian	66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic	100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian									Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
			Tremadocian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
						Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							494
			Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian				Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †				509
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
Dyeran					511 *		Toyonian
					Botomian		512.5 *
			Stage 3				514
Montezuman							514.8 *
Montezuman					Atdabanian			515.6 *
Begadean					Atdabanian			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian			521
			Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
			Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Poundian †					538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Wonokan †					571.7 *
														635