PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of China			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Siberia		Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Tertiary †										Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene												Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene												Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene												Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian														Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian														Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene													33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene													56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian												66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic												100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7							Late Pennsylvanian
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian						358.9
			Middle Famennian						365.3 *
			Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						372.2
			Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
			Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Chotec						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Chotec						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian						477.7
						Lianghekou †				477.9 *
						Lianghekou †				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Amgan/Solvan			509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
											Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian			514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																	538.8