PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian								0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian								Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian								Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum			168.4
		Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian					Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian					Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
		Induan									251.2
		Induan							Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai		251.902
											252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru		254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
									Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
					265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	266.9	Amb
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Bolindian		445.2
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids				497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8