PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of the Baltic	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian														0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian														0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †				Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian														Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean														Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian														Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian														Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian														Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian														Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian														Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian														Agenian	20
				Aquitanian														Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Longtanian †				254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian									259.51
				Wordian						Wordian									264.28
				Roadian						Roadian									266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian								273.01
				Kungurian							Hessian								281.9 *
				Artinskian							Hessian								283.5
				Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian								286.1 *
				Sakmarian							Lenoxian								290.1
Asselian				Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
			Telychian		Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian			443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
			Sandbian						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian		Arenigian						468
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10								Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian								Paibian		494
			Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
			Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian				509
		Series 2	Stage 3								Nangaoian				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian				521
	Fortunian		529								Meishucunian
	Fortunian		Jinnigian								530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																			1400