PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian												Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene	Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Buntsandstein						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller						259.51
		Wordian							Leine						264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	307	Desmoinesian
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian						Paibian				494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian				Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3						Placentian	Nangaoian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
															538.8