PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of England		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian					Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian					Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian					Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †				2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
								Hemingfordian		16.3
								Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
								Whitneyan		29.5
								Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian		47.8
								Wasatchian		50.5
								Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian						Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8