PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian													0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian													0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian														11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									Vokhmian					247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan									Vokhmian					251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
				Wordian						Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
				Roadian						Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
				Kungurian							Hessian							281.9 *
				Artinskian							Hessian							283.5
				Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
				Sakmarian							Lenoxian							290.1
				Asselian							Nealian							293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														298.9
				Kasimovian														303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian			427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian			429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni					443.8
			Katian						Pirgu					445.2
									Vormsi			449.6 *
									Nabala			Johvi †		450 *
							Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
									Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian						Keila			Idavere †		453
									Haljala					453.9
									Kukruse					456.4 *
									Uhaku			Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku					458.4
									Lasnamagi					458.9 *
									Aseri					460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda					462.9 *
									Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Volkhov						467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen						469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg						473.7 *
			Tremadocian						Hunneberg						477.7
									Varangu						481.3 *
									Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort						485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
			Jiangshanian												489.5
			Paibian												494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	497
	Drumian		500.5
	Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
																		1400