PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian			Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian		Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian					0.129
											Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
														Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene											0.774
											Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene									Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene									Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene									Chapadmalalan		3.6
														Montehermosan		3.7 *
											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan		4.7
														Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
														Chasicoan		7.9 *
											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan		9.4
														Mayoan		9.9 *
														Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene											11.63
											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
														Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian												Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene									Friasian		15.98
														Santacrucian		16.2 *
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian		16.3
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene											23.03
												Monroecreekian				23.1 *
												Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene											27.82
														Tinguirirican		28.9 *
																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
																37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene											37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
														Mustersan		41.9 *
											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene											47.8
														Casamayoran		47.9 *
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		56
													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
														Itaboraian		56.9 *
														Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene											61.6
														Tiupampan		62.4 *
													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
		Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
																485 *