PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian											0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian		3
		Zanclean										Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan		47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
												Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian										Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
												Mangaotanean		90.5
												Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
												Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan		100.5
												Urutawan		103.3
											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian										Korangan		113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko		Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec		Couvinien	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian			Emsian		393.3
		Pragian						Pragian			Siegen		407.6
		Pragian						Pragian		Coblencien	Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian											453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian								498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian								509
		Stage 3		Branchian								514
		Stage 3		Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8