PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian			Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian			Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene									15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan					27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					Bumbanian			Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene				Gashatan				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene				Gashatan				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
				Kanense			181.3 *
				Carlottense			182.3 *
				Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae			184.2
				Freboldi			185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
				189.2 *			Tetraspidoceras
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		445.2
									Cautleyan		448.9 *
									Pusgillian		449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	467.3					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian	470
				Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
															485 *