PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of France	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of North America	Precambrian of Russia	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian																0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian																0.129
				Calabrian																	0.774
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian																	11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
				Bartonian																	37.71
				Lutetian																	41.2
				Ypresian																	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan													145
				Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan													149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan													150
								Heterian													154.5
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Callovian				Temaikan													164.3
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan													176
				Pliensbachian				Ururoan													184.2
				Pliensbachian				Aratauran													188.9
				Sinemurian																	192.9
				Hettangian																	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
				Norian				Warepan													208.5
								Otamitan													217
								Oretian													221
				Carnian				Oretian													227
				Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan													227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan													237
				Ladinian				Etalian													238
				Anisian				Etalian													242
				Anisian				Malakovian													246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian													247.2
				Olenekian				Nelsonian													249
				Induan				Nelsonian													251.2
				Induan			DUrville	Makarewan													251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan									Dorashamian				251.902
Waiitian				Changhsingian		253.2											Dorashamian
Waiitian				Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		254.14
Puruhauan				Wuchiapingian	254.2	Dzhulfian
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	Wordian		264.28
					Barettian			266
							Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian			Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
					Mangapirian			Kubergandian	276
								Bolorian	279.8
							Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian				285
								Yakhtashian	286
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
			Visean						Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Pragian						Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
			Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian											453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
												Dobrotivian				458.5 *
												Oretanian				459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian									Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
	Jiangshanian		489.5
	Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran															Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian																	Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																	Karatau	1000
		Stenian																	Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian																	Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan	1375
																					1400