PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126894 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian	Ionian											Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian	Ionian											Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian												Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian												Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean												Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian												Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian												Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian												Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
																Hemingfordian				16.3
																Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
																Whitneyan				29.5
																Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian												Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian												Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian												Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian												Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian												Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian												Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																Wasatchian				50.5
																Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian												Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian												Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian												Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian												Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian												Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
									Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
									Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Aurelucian							456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
											Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
										Dobrotivian						458.5 *
										Oretanian						459.7 *
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
									Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †						467.3
										Arenigian					468
Arenig								Fennian							468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian							470
								Whitlandian							471.1 *
								Moridunian							474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc					Migneintian	Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadoc					Cressagian							480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													497
		Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Branchian	509
		Stage 3													Branchian	514
		Stage 3													Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †									Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †									Wonokan †		571.7 *
																				635