PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of France	Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic			Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian									0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Serravallian										11.63
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian										264.28
				Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Artinskian										283.5
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian									Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Virgilian	298.9
Xiaodushanian				Gzhelian		300 *							Virgilian
Xiaodushanian				Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
Dalaun						Missourian	305.8 *
						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
				Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
				Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
				Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
					Morrowan	318.4 *
Huashibanian						318.5 *
Lousuan						321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Chesterian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian		330.9
				Jiusian		335 *
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien			408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
							Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
							Whitwellian		429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
	Aseri								460.4 *
	Oeland							Kunda	462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg			Ungurian	477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort			Batyrbaian	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
											Aksaian	490.7 *
											Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian								Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian									499.5
			Drumian								Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian								Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan								Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan									505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
											Toyonian	510 *
											Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3		514						Botomian
			Stage 3		Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian	521
			Stage 2			525.5
			Fortunian			529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
			Cryogenian									635
			Tonian									720
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian	1000
			Ectasian	1200
			Calymmian	1400
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian	1600
			Orosirian	1800
			Rhyacian	2050
			Siderian	2300
Archean		Neoarchean		2500
		Mesoarchean		2800
		Paleoarchean		3200
		Eoarchean		3600
Hadean				4000
														4600