PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian											Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian			Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene				0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian								Late Pliocene				2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian								Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean				Waipipian								Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian								Early Pliocene				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan												7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan								Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian								Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan								Middle Eocene		MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian										MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan								Early Eocene		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian								Late Paleocene		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian												66
		Campanian				Haumurian												72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan												83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
						Mangaotanean												90.5
						Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan												93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
						Motuan												99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan												100.5
						Urutawan												103.3
					Taitai	Korangan												108.4
		Aptian				Korangan												113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian				303.7
			Khamovnikian				304.8
			Krevyakinian		Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian				307
			Podolskian				308.9 *
			Kashirian				311.4 *
			Vereian				313.8
			Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian				315.2
			Cheremshanian				316.9 *
			Cheremshanian		Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Prikamian				318.6 *
			Severokeltmian				319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Lousuan		321.2 *
			Voznesenian		Lousuan		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Dewunian		323.2
			Protvian				324.4 *
			Steshevian				326.8 *
			Tarusian				329 *
			Tarusian		Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Venevian				330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Aleksinian		Jiusian		335 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Bobrikian				339.9 *
			Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Tangbagouan	346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
					Dobrotivian				458.5 *
					Oretanian				459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian				Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian			Paibian										494
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
									Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Drumian						Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian			Drumian						Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian						Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian										509
											Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
											Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian						Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian						Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian						Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian								Manykaian †		530.7
																		538.8