PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of North America			European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian		Middle Pleistocene							0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Villanyian			2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Ruscinian			3.1 *
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene				Ruscinian			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				Turolian			5.333
				Tortonian							Turolian			7.246
				Tortonian							Vallesian			8.7
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene				Astaracian			11.63
				Langhian			Middle Miocene				Astaracian			13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene				Orleanian			15.98
				Burdigalian							Agenian			20
				Aquitanian							Agenian			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene							23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene							33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene							37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene							41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene							47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene							56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene							61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian								251.902
				Wuchiapingian										254.14
				Wuchiapingian								Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian									Severodvinian	259.51
				Wordian									Urzhumian	264.28
				Wordian		Noginskian							Urzhumian	264.9 *
				Roadian								Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
				Roadian								Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
													Filipovian	276.5 *
Pavlovoposadian						276.8 *							Filipovian
						Saraninian		280.1 *
				Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
Rusavkinian						Irginian		287.6 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
				Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
				Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
				Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian				Missourian	303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Krevyakinian					305.8 *
				Krevyakinian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
Moscovian				Myachkovian					307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Kashirian				Atokan	312.7 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
Bashkirian				Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Cheremshanian			Morrowan	318.4 *
				Prikamian				318.6 *
				Severokeltmian				319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
				Voznesenian				321.9 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			Chesterian	323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian				326.8 *
				Tarusian				329 *
			Visean	Venevian				330.9
				Mikhailovian				331.9 *
				Aleksinian				333.7 *
				Tulian			Meramecian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian			Meramecian	339.9 *
				Bobrikian			Osagean	343.1 *
				Radaevkian				343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian				346.7
				Kizelian				350.7 *
				Cherepetian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
				Karakubian				354.4 *
				Upinian				356.3 *
				Malevkian				357.6 *
				Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Givetian						383.7 *
	Early Givetian						385.9 *
	Eifelian		Late Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
	Eifelian		Early Eifelian				Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian				Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan							419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran							422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan							Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400