PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America						Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian											Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian											Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian											Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian											Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian		Wordian										264.28
				Roadian		Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
				Kungurian			Hessian									281.9 *
				Artinskian			Hessian									283.5
				Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
				Sakmarian			Lenoxian									290.1
				Asselian			Nealian									293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
				Kasimovian												303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Cayugan	Ohesaare			419.2
				Cayugan	Kaugetuma			421.7 *
				Niagaran	Kaugetuma			422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Lockportian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Raikkula		439.4 *
				Medinan	Clinton					440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
										Whitlandian			471.1 *
										Moridunian			474.3 *
	Tremadocian		Tremadoc						Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc						Cressagian	480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †			Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †			Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635