PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian									Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †				Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian										Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian										Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian										Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian										Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
						Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan	152.2 *
						Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Late Toarcian		Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian				Spathian		247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
						Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville		Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8