PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian										Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian						Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan							Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian													174.7
				Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
				Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian		Sevatian													208.5
				Alaunian													213.2 *
				Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian													227
		Carnian		Julian													233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian													237
		Ladinian		Fassanian													239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian													242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian				446 *
					Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian					450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran											514
			Montezuman											514.8 *
			Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8