PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian							0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Serravallian								11.63
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian						100.5
				Middle Albian						106.2 *
				Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian						113
		Aptian		Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian						139.8
				Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
				Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian						174.7
				Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
				Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian						227
		Carnian		Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian			470
						Whitlandian			471.1 *
						Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
										485 *