PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian						0.774
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean			2.58
		Zanclean			Yushean			3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian			Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5	Tunggurian			11.63
		Langhian			Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian			15.98
		Burdigalian			Xiejiaan			16.9
		Aquitanian			Xiejiaan			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian						59.2
		Danian						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
								538.8