PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of France	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †											Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian														Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian														Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian	MP 16						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11													Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7							Bumbanian						Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5					Gashatan							Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan		150
															Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian												Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian													Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian													Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian													Warepan		208.5
															Otamitan		217
															Oretian		221
		Carnian													Oretian		227
		Carnian												Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian													Etalian		238
		Anisian													Etalian		242
		Anisian													Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian													Nelsonian		249
		Induan													Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan												DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Kungurian									Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian									Mangapirian	283.5
											Telfordian	285
												288.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas				427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran			514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
										Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8