PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
									Hemingfordian		16.3
									Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21								27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				Cenozoic 3		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A						Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian	MP 16						Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian	MP 16						Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				Cenozoic 2		Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7						Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5			Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian	MP 6						Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian		Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic		Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian		Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian							427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian							429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1	529
											538.8