PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian	MP 16		Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian						Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic									100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
							Planulata								179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
							Kanense								181.3 *
							Carlottense								182.3 *
							Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae								184.2
							Freboldi								185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
		Induan													251.2
		Induan								Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Kathwai	251.902
											252.4 *
										Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian								Chhidru	254.14
										Kalabagh	255 *
										Wargal	256 *
											Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian											Urzhumian	264.28
														265.3 *
										Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian								Amb	Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian									Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
													Filipovian	276.5 *
													Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian									Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
													Irginian	285.9 *
													Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian								Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian								Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †								298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Kasimovian	Mapingian †								303.7
															305.9