PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian				MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	MN 15					3.6
						MN 14					4.2
						MN 14	Hemphillian				4.7
						MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene	MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 10					8.7
						MN 10	Clarendonian				9.4
						MN 9					9.7
						MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene						11.63
							Barstovian				12.5
						MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian				MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene	MN 4					15.98
						MN 4	Hemingfordian				16.3
						MN 3	Hemingfordian				16.9
						MN 3	Arikareean				18.5
						MN 2					20
		Aquitanian				MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian				MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		Early Oligocene						27.82
							Whitneyan				29.5
							Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	MP 16		Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian	MP 16				Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
							Wasatchian				50.5
							Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	MP 6		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
									Middle Albian		106.2 *
									Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian		113
		Aptian						Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian	139.8
								Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
								Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		174.7
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
								Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian						Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian		227
		Carnian						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
		Ladinian						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7					Late Pennsylvanian
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		358.9
			Middle Famennian		365.3 *
			Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
			Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
			Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8