PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian								Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian	MP 16				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11								41.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5			Gashatan				56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian		259.51
		Wordian							Midian		264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian							Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian					303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids			Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian			Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian					514
		Stage 3	Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8