PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cambrian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian		3
		Zanclean											Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25									Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	MP 16										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian	MP 16										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11										Bortonian		41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7										Heretaungan		47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5									Teurian		56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	Senonian	66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
													Mangaotanean		90.5
													Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Arowhanan		93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
													Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian						Motuan	Gallic	100.5
							Late Albian						Urutawan		103.3
							Middle Albian						Urutawan		106.2 *
							Middle Albian					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
							Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian								113
							Late Aptian								117.5
							Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian		139.8
					Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
					Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian				227
		Carnian			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian				237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton	440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran					514
						Montezuman					514.8 *
						Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
															538.8