PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mammal Paleogene Zones		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian		Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian							Ionian		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian									Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian									Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian									Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian									Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25							Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25							Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A								Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian	MP 16								Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11								Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7								Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5							Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian										264.28
				Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Artinskian										283.5
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian										293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
				Kasimovian										303.7
				Moscovian										307
				Bashkirian										315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
			Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian				453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
				Dobrotivian					458.5 *
				Oretanian					459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian	Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635