PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Devonian of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian		7.246
		Serravallian									Sarmatian		11.63
		Serravallian									Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A										33.9
		Bartonian	MP 16										37.71
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11										41.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5									56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian							300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian							303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian	Kosovian					443.8
		Katian	Bolindian	Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
			Eastonian	Kralodvorian						449 *
			Eastonian	Berounian						449.7 *
			Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian									458.4
				Dobrotivian								458.5 *
				Oretanian								459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian						Klabava †			467.3
			Yapeenian	Arenigian								468
			Castlemainian									468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian									470
			Bendigonian									471.8 *
			Lancefieldian									473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	Tremadocian								477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	Tremadocian								482.8 *
													485.4