PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian													11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A												33.9
				Bartonian	MP 16												37.71
				Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11												41.2
				Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5											56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										100.5
							Middle Albian										106.2 *
							Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian										113
				Aptian			Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
							Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
							Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
							Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan							150
							Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan							152.2 *
							Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan							164.3
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
				Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
							Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan							176
							Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
							Early Toarcian										182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran							188.9
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
				Norian			Sevatian			Warepan							208.5
							Alaunian										213.2 *
							Lacian										216.7 *
										Otamitan							217
										Oretian							221
				Carnian			Tuvalian			Oretian							227
							Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
Julian							233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian			237
				Longobardian			Etalian			238
				Fassanian						239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian			246
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
				Smithian						248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian			249
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
				Griesbachian						251.4 *
				Griesbachian			DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902				Makarewan
			Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Zechstein			Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Zechstein			Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	Rotliegendes			259.51
			Wordian			Flettian				264.28
			Wordian			Barettian				266
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian				276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian	Autunian			283.5
						Telfordian				285
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
			Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian				323.2
			Visean				Middle Mississippian				330.9
			Tournaisian				Early Mississippian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian								Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian			382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian			393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian			410.8
								Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †			Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †			Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
Dyeran			Stage 4	511 *
Dyeran			Stage 3	514
Montezuman				514.8 *
Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																	635