PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian										0.0117
				Chibanian		Sheridanian										0.129
				Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
				Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan										0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
				Gelasian	MN 17											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16											2.58
				Piacenzian	MN 15											3.2
				Zanclean	MN 15											3.6
					MN 14											4.2
					MN 14	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
					MN 13											4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13											5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12											7.246
					MN 11											7.75
					MN 10											8.7
					MN 10	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
					MN 9											9.7
					MN 7 + 8											11.1
				Serravallian												11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
					MN 6											12.8 *
				Langhian	MN 5											13.82
				Burdigalian	MN 4											15.98
					MN 4	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
					MN 3	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.9
					MN 3	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
					MN 2											20
				Aquitanian	MN 2											20.44
				Aquitanian	MN 1											22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
							Monroecreekian									23.1 *
							Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian			Geringian									27.82
				Rupelian												29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian												37
				Bartonian												37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
				Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								56
				Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
				Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
				Selandian				To3/To2/To1								60.9
				Danian				To3/To2/To1								61.6
				Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian	100.5
															Middle Albian	106.2 *
															Early Albian	109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian	113
				Aptian											Early Aptian	119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
				Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
				Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian					Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian					Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras						Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata							179.3 *
											Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
										Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense								181.3 *
				Carlottense								182.3 *
				Carlottense						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae						Early Toarcian		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi								185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi								Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
												Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras								Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras							Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
			Norian								Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian				Tuvalian				227
			Carnian				Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian				237
			Ladinian				Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian				242
							Pelsonian				243.8 *
							Bithynian				244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan			Dienerian	251.2
			Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian					485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian					497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian				509
		Series 2	Stage 3	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
																635