PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16						2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15						3.6
			MN 14						4.2
			MN 14	Hemphillian					4.7
			MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12						7.246
			MN 11						7.75
			MN 10						8.7
			MN 10	Clarendonian					9.4
			MN 9						9.7
			MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian							11.63
				Barstovian					12.5
			MN 6						12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4						15.98
			MN 4	Hemingfordian					16.3
			MN 3	Hemingfordian					16.9
			MN 3	Arikareean					18.5
			MN 2						20
		Aquitanian	MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan			27.82
				Whitneyan					29.5
				Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian			Bumbanian		47.8
				Wasatchian					50.5
				Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian		Gashatan			56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian		Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian		Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
			Dobrotivian				458.5 *
			Oretanian				459.7 *
				Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
									538.8