PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian Ages of Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean								0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian								0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian								0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian	MN 17									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16									2.58
				Piacenzian	MN 15									3.2
				Zanclean	MN 15									3.6
					MN 14									4.2
					MN 14	Hemphillian								4.7
					MN 13									4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13									5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12									7.246
					MN 11									7.75
					MN 10									8.7
					MN 10	Clarendonian								9.4
					MN 9									9.7
					MN 7 + 8									11.1
				Serravallian										11.63
						Barstovian								12.5
					MN 6									12.8 *
				Langhian	MN 5									13.82
				Burdigalian	MN 4									15.98
					MN 4	Hemingfordian								16.3
					MN 3	Hemingfordian								16.9
					MN 3	Arikareean								18.5
					MN 2									20
				Aquitanian	MN 2									20.44
				Aquitanian	MN 1									22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian								33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean								37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean								37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian								47.8
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian								56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian								56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian								59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian								61.6
				Danian		Puercan								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
							252.4 *
				Chhidru			252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			254.14
				Kalabagh			255 *
				Wargal			256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
			Roadian	Amb			266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †		293.52
			Asselian		Bursumian †		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
					Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
			Moscovian						307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
					Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
						Alportian		322 *
						Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	Chokierian		323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
					Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
					Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494					Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †					497
		Drumian	Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635