PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Cambrian Epochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian	MN 17										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16										2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15										3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15										3.6
			MN 14										4.2
			MN 13										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13										5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12										7.246
			MN 11										7.75
			MN 10										8.7
			MN 9										9.7
			MN 7 + 8										11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8										11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6										12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5										13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4										15.98
			MN 3										16.9
			MN 2										20
		Aquitanian	MN 2										20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1										22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites								168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum							168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense							174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons								180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum								182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni								184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi								192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Midian			264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian					427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian					429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian		Branchian	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
								Placentian	Montezuman		517.1
					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8