PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian	MN 17													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16													2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15													3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15													3.6
			MN 14													4.2
			MN 13													4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13													5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12													7.246
			MN 11													7.75
			MN 10													8.7
			MN 9													9.7
			MN 7 + 8													11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8													11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6													12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5													13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4													15.98
			MN 3													16.9
			MN 2													20
		Aquitanian	MN 2													20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1													22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan							56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian					113
		Aptian									Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan						Late Kimmeridgian					150
					Ohauan						Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
					Heterian						Early Kimmeridgian					154.5
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					164.3
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan						Late Toarcian					176
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	188.9
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
					Etalian	Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
			Malakovian		246	Aegean
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
			Nelsonian		Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Tremadocian									Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian									Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian						Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
					Toyonian						Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
					Botomian						Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian						Botomian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian						Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian						Tommotian		521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																538.8