PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian						0.0117
				Chibanian							Ionian						0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian	MN 17												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16												2.58
				Piacenzian	MN 15												3.2
				Zanclean	MN 15												3.6
					MN 14												4.2
					MN 13												4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13												5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12												7.246
					MN 11												7.75
					MN 10												8.7
					MN 9												9.7
					MN 7 + 8												11.1
				Serravallian	MN 7 + 8												11.63
				Serravallian	MN 6												12.8 *
				Langhian	MN 5												13.82
				Burdigalian	MN 4												15.98
					MN 3												16.9
					MN 2												20
				Aquitanian	MN 2												20.44
				Aquitanian	MN 1												22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Callovian												Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Herangi	Ururoan	176
												Planulata					179.3 *
												Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
												Kanense					181.3 *
												Carlottense					182.3 *
												Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian								Kunae					184.2
												Freboldi					185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Aratauran	188.9
								189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis		190.3 *
				Sinemurian				192.9
Pseudaetomoceras								Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian						Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
			Carnian						Oretian	227
			Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian						Etalian	238
			Anisian						Etalian	242
			Anisian						Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
			Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan					DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Wordian				Barettian	266
			Roadian		Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
									Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
										Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
									Telfordian		285
					Wolfcampian				Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian								Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian								Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Datsonian	485.4
			Stage 10			Payntonian							486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian							489.5
			Paibian	Idamean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan		497
			Guzhangian	Boomerangian		499
			Drumian	Undillan		500.5
			Drumian	Floran		503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian		504.5
			Wuliuan	Ordian		507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian		509
			Stage 4			510.8 *
			Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian					Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau						1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan						1375
																	1400