PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean				0.129
							Irvingtonian				0.21
									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
							Blancan				1.4
									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian	MN 17						Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian	MN 17						Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16						Mangapanian		2.58
			MN 16						Waipipian		3
			MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean									3.6
									Opoitian		3.7
			MN 14								4.2
			MN 14				Hemphillian				4.7
			MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian	MN 12								7.246
			MN 11								7.75
			MN 10								8.7
			MN 10				Clarendonian				9.4
			MN 9								9.7
			MN 9					Southland	Waiauan		11.04
			MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian									11.63
							Barstovian				12.5
			MN 6								12.8 *
			MN 6						Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian	MN 5						Lillburnian		13.82
									Clifdenian		15.1
								Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian	MN 4								15.98
			MN 4				Hemingfordian				16.3
			MN 3				Hemingfordian				16.9
							Arikareean				18.5
									Otaian		18.7
			MN 2								20
		Aquitanian									20.44
								Landon	Waitakian		21.7
			MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
									Duntroonian		25.2
									Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
							Whitneyan				29.5
							Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian				33.9
								Arnold	Runangan		34.6
									Kaiatan		36.7
							Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian									37.71
									Bortonian		39.1
							Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
									Heretaungan		45.7
							Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		47.8
				Mangaorapan	48.9
				Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic			Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
						Kawhia		Ohauan		150
								Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi		Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian						Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour			Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore			Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville			Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian		Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
				Dobrotivian					458.5 *
				Oretanian					459.7 *
					Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					477.7
											485.4