PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean					0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean					0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.014
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.129
							Irvingtonian					0.21
										Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene						0.774
							Blancan					1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian	MN 17					Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16	Late Pliocene				Vorohuean		2.58
					MN 16					Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
					MN 15							3.2
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene						3.6
										Montehermosan		3.7 *
					MN 14							4.2
					MN 14		Hemphillian					4.7
					MN 13					Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13	Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12							7.246
					MN 11							7.75
					MN 11					Chasicoan		7.9 *
					MN 10							8.7
					MN 10		Clarendonian					9.4
					MN 9							9.7
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
					MN 7 + 8							11.1
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene						11.63
							Barstovian					12.5
					MN 6							12.8 *
					MN 6					Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian	MN 5					Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian	MN 5					Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian	MN 4	Early Miocene				Friasian		15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
							Hemingfordian					16.3
					MN 3							16.9
										Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
							Arikareean					18.5
					MN 2							20
				Aquitanian								20.44
										Deseadan		20.9 *
					MN 1							22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene						23.03
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene						27.82
										Tinguirirican		28.9 *
							Whitneyan					29.5
							Orellan					31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Chadronian					33.9
							Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
							Duchesnean					37
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean					37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian								41.2
										Mustersan		41.9 *
							Bridgerian					46.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene						47.8
										Casamayoran		47.9 *
							Wasatchian					50.5
							Clarkforkian					54.9
Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene	Riochican		56	Clarkforkian
				Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
				Itaboraian			56.9 *
				Peligran			58.9 *
	Selandian		Middle Paleocene				59.2
	Selandian		Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
	Danian		Early Paleocene				61.6
				Tiupampan			62.4 *
				Tiupampan		Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					66
			Campanian					72.1
			Santonian					83.6
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
			Cenomanian					93.9
		Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
			Aptian					113
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian			298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian			303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian			307
			Moscovian		Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan			315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan			318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian			323.2
			Visean		Chesterian			330.9
					Meramecian			335.8 *
					Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien				Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian	445.2
			Sandbian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian		485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian		497
			Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian		Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3	Branchian			514
			Stage 3	Placentian			517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
												1400