PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Siberia		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17	Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16	Late Pliocene								Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
			MN 16									Ruscinian				3.1 *
			MN 15													3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15	Early Pliocene												3.6
			MN 14													4.2
			MN 13												Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13	Late Miocene								Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12													7.246
			MN 11													7.75
			MN 10									Vallesian				8.7
			MN 9													9.7
			MN 7 + 8												Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene								Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6													12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5												Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4	Early Miocene								Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
			MN 3									Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
			MN 2									Agenian				20
		Aquitanian	MN 2													20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1													22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Bumbanian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene	Gashatan											56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian		Kralodvorian		Wufeng †	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		Kralodvorian				449.5
				Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
				Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Oretanian						459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
					Sarka †	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian	Arenigian						470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Tremadocian						477.7
							Lianghekou †			477.9 *
							Lianghekou †			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
							Aksaian							490.7 *
							Sakian							492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509
							Toyonian			Lenian †				510 *
							Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
							Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
							Atdabanian					Montezuman		515.6 *
							Atdabanian					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian							521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †				529
																538.8