PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16	Late Pliocene													2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15	Late Pliocene													3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15	Early Pliocene													3.6
			MN 14														4.2
			MN 13														4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12														7.246
			MN 11														7.75
			MN 10														8.7
			MN 9														9.7
			MN 7 + 8														11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6														12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5														13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4	Early Miocene													15.98
			MN 3														16.9
			MN 2														20
		Aquitanian	MN 2														20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1														22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene											Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										Gashatan			56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian				489.5
								Aksaian								490.7 *
								Sakian								492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian				494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian			Lenian †		510 *
					Toyonian					Dyeran				511 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
										Montezuman				514.8 *
					Atdabanian					Montezuman				515.6 *
					Atdabanian					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		Manykaian †				530.7
																	538.8